• Basilar invagination (BI) is associated with instability of the craniovertebral junction, mainly atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD), and causes brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord compression.
• Many approaches have been utilized in the past, targeting mainly anterior and posterior resection, decompression, and circumferential fusion.
• Recently, a single posterior approach has been introduced with better results in decompression and fusion in addition to gaining odontoid reduction instead of resection. This approach is named DCER (distraction, compression, extension, and reduction) due to posterior craniocervical decompression followed by “distraction” of the C1-C2 joint with spacer materials, fixing craniocervical construct with “extension” and “compression” in order to gain anatomic
lordosis, and “reduction” of the odontoid process.

• Optic pathway gliomas (OPG) is a chronic condition that needs a multi-disciplinary management strategy.
• Chemotherapy is the first and best treatment modality for OPG patients.
• Previously, radiotherapy was preferred for treating these patients but recently, it has been replaced by chemotherapy.
• In OPG patients, radiosurgery can be a novel option.
• Neurosurgical treatments for OPG are used for third ventricle obstruction-related hydrocephalus, biopsy, and tissue diagnosis for cases with an uncertain diagnosis, and tumor decompression due to mass effect on vital structures.

• Chronic pain adversely affects psychological health and quality of life.
• Psychological interventions have an effective role in reducing pain and improving the quality of life along with the psychological health of people with chronic pain.
• It is recommended to implement psychological interventions along with medical interventions for people with chronic pain.

• Here we evaluate the frequency of adjacent segment disease (ASD) and its risk factors following posterior decompression and fusion in lumbar degenerative disorders.
• Final analysis showed a significant relationship between High body mass index, age, sex, indication for reoperation, repeated surgery, and laminectomy at the upper fusion unit with developed ASD.
• Cross-link device use, lumbar canal stenosis in imaging, and fusion to L1 vertebrae are considered risk factors for ASD.

• Diseases affecting adjacent segments are more common in cases with degenerative disease. • Level cranial to fixation is the site of adjacent segment degeneration in the majority of the patients as compared with the caudal level. • The reduction of disc height (degenerative changes in disc grade) at follow-up was significantly associated with the development of adjacent segment disease (ASD).

• Trans-anethole (TA) improved the sciatic nerve function index.
• TA accelerates sensory recovery.
• TA reduced muscle atrophy.
• TA can be considered a therapeutic option for the improvement of nerve tissue.