Highlights 
● Cognitive, emotional and behavioral disorders may be induced by traumatic brain injury with all degrees of severity, and can cause them to interact with each other.
● Results showed the abnormality of the default mode network either within the network or between it, and other neural networks for a majority of cognitive, emotional and sleep disorders after traumatic brain injury.
● Traumatic brain injury-induced imbalance in neural circuits may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of deficits after traumatic brain injury. 
 Plain Language Summary 
Neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric deficits such as cognitive, verbal, emotional, and mental disorders may be caused Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) under all severity levels. The most common patterns of these disorders include amnesia, executive dysfunction, verbal and nonverbal communication impairment at the pragmatic level of language, aggression, depression, different types of anxiety especially post-traumatic stress disorder, and sleep-wake cycle disorders. These deficits usually interact with each other. Various variables including age, sex, severity of injury, duration of post-traumatic amnesia, pre-injury cognitive and psychological functions, medical history, hormonal and chemical functions of brain, and genetic background may be accounted as the risk factors for development and persistence of post-TBI neuropsychological and neurological symptoms. One of the research areas in TBI is the identification of the pathogenesis of neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric deficits after TBI. Nowadays, neural circuits underlying the pathogenesis of these deficits have been partially identified using brain mapping techniques. It seems that anomalies in the neural circuits connecting the frontal lobe of brain and subcortical areas including thalamus and the basal ganglia play an important role in the development of antisocial behaviors, executive dysfunctions, and emotional deficits following TBI. Evidence-based metabolic, structural, and functional neural circuitry abnormalities, characterized by neural mapping techniques, may be useful as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers, and guide clinicians in circuit-based neurotherapy.

Highlights 
● Out of 127 MVA-induced TSCI patients, 99 (78%) were male and 28 (22%) were female.
● Accident with cars/pickup trucks was the main cause of TSCI among patients (76.9%).
● Drivers and passengers made up 72.1% (n=80) and 27.9% (n=31) of the patients, respectively.
● The most and least common places for accidents to occur were cities (84.3%) and highways (5.5%).
● The most and least common anatomical regions injured due to MVA were cervical (42.5%) and lumbar-cervical regions (0.8%).
● Ninety-three patients (83.8%) used no safety device and 18 (16.1%) used safety belts or helmets.
● The GCS≥13 was reported for 93.7% of patients; 4.7% had GCS <9, and 1.6% experienced 9≤GCS≤12.
● According to Glasgow outcome scale results, good recovery, moderate disability, severe disability, vegetative state, and death were observed in 91.2%, 3.1%, 3.1%, 0.8%, 1.6% of patients, respectively.
Plain Language Summary 
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries (TSCIs) are health-threatening complications mostly occur due to Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVAs). In order for health system to make plans for TSCI patients’ management, it is important to identify epidemiologic pattern of accidents in different geographical regions. Therefore, thorough study of the factors predicting the incidence, types, and locations of accidents and also the types of the associated injuries could be preventive. In the present cross-sectional study, we evaluated TSCI patients’ data by using traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) registry of Poursina Hospital. All the patients who experienced spinal cord injuries due to MVAs in Guilan province between March 2015 and March 2018, were enrolled in this study. Among 127 patients with the Mean±SD age of 38.27±16.22 years, 91 and 36 had collision and overturn accidents, respectively. Among these patients, majority (76.9%) experienced SCI as a result of car/pickup trucks accident, and the accidents were predominantly occurred in cities. Although all of the study subjects suffered from SCI at least in one of their spinal regions, 93.7% of them had good initial Glasgow Comma Scale (GCS≥13). Moreover, indicated by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), we found that 91.2% of the patients had good recovery. Based on our findings, it can be suggested that MVA-induced SCI is mostly observed in the young patients, and the most affected spinal region is cervical region.

Highlights 
● Even after non-emergency craniotomy, meningitis can be a major source of morbidity and mortality.
● Low GCS, perioperative antibiotics, the use of EVD, and hydrocephalus lead to significantly high risks of infection.
● Early identification of risk factors helps to prevent meningitis after non-emergency craniotomy.
Plain Language Summary 
Meningitis after neurosurgery can lead to severe complications and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors, occurrence, and microbiological spectrum of meningitis in patients with non-emergency craniotomy. The medical records of patients undergoing non-emergency craniotomy at Poursina Hospital from Sep. 23, 2016 to Sept. 22, 2017 were reviewed. Out of 140 patients, 7 cases were identified with meningitis. The risk of meningitis increased with the presence of preoperative hydrocephalus, the use of External Ventricular Drain (EVD), perioperative antibiotics and the Glasgow Coma Scale<12. Even after non-emergency craniotomy, meningitis can be a major source of morbidity and mortality. Low levels of consciousness (GCS<12), perioperative antibiotics, the use of an EVD, and hydrocephalus carry significantly high risks of infection. Therefore, early identification of the risk factors will help to prevent meningitis after non-emergency craniotomy

Highlights 
● Neuroblastoma is a malignancy of nervous system
● Intra- abdominal tumor can extended to spinal canal due to the motor and sensory deficits
Plain Language Summary 
Neuroblastoma is a malignancy of nervous system. The extension of this tumor to spinal canal and spinal cord compression is very rare and can have permanent neurological deficit like paraplegia or sensory loss. This tumor should be examined in infant patient with monoplegia or paraplegia.