• Due to the increasing use of pump inhibitors (PPIs) and their side effects on bone repair, they may have the potential to induce failure in lumbar fusion surgery.
• The present findings show that the use of pump inhibitors, such as pantoprazole is more destructive for the ossification process in candidates for spinal fusion.
• So, H2-blocking drugs, such as famotidine are preferable in this situation after further investigations.

● In this retrospective study, the clinical profile and surgical management of 27 intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) operated between 2007 and 2021 were analyzed.
● Motor weakness and pain were the most common symptoms.
● Dorsal spine is the most common location of IMSCTs.
● Ependymoma is the most common histological type.
● Other lesions are glioma, hemangioblastoma, lipoma, schwannoma, lymphoma, capillary hemangioma, arachnoid cyst, and epidermoid cyst with spinal dysraphism. Tumors with a clear interface with the spinal cord underwent gross total resection (GTR). GTR was not attempted in tumors with surrounding spinal cord infiltration

● Endoscopic surgeries were mainly limited to transsphenoidal and intraventricular surgeries. In this study, the role of the endoscope in transcranial extraventricular regions of the brain has been described.
● Transcranial endoscope can reach the deep-seated regions of the brain with a narrow corridor, giving good illumination and magnification at the site of surgery.
● Microscopic inaccessible areas can be visualized using an endoscope. It can be used as a complementary to the microscope.
● Authors have used transcranial extraventricular endoscopic surgeries (TEESs) for performing microvascular decompression, pineal tumor excision, craniopharyngioma excision, cerebellopontine angle epidermoid cyst excision, petrous neurenteric cyst excision, and internal carotid artery aneurysm clipping.
● TEES has shown improved outcomes in neurosurgical procedures.

Background and Aim: Intraventricular empyema (IVE), a rare and life-threatening neurological infection, challenges healthcare providers due to its complexity and limited data on optimal management. This scoping review seeks to bridge the existing literature gap by systematically summarizing current knowledge, identifying consensus, and highlighting research opportunities.
Methods and Materials/Patients: The inclusion criteria included all ages diagnosed with IVE based on the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework. The search strategy involved utilizing keywords and controlled vocabulary terms in databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The study selection process adhered to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with data extraction and mapping performed to summarize key information from the literature, including demographics, symptoms, treatment modalities, and outcomes
Results: Analysis of 12 articles shows that IVE predominantly affects men between the ages of 17 to 81 years, with various symptoms, including headaches, fever, and neurological issues. Infections are found in multiple ventricular sites, often complicated by drug-resistant strains and negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures. While surgical interventions, such as ventriculostomy are common, conservative treatments also show favorable outcomes, emphasizing the need for tailored management and timely interventions in optimizing patient outcomes for central nervous system (CNS) infections.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the diagnosis and management of intraventricular infections necessitate a multidisciplinary approach involving clinical evaluation, imaging, and therapeutic interventions. Imaging features like ventricular debris on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aid diagnosis, supplemented by other modalities, such as nuclear scintigraphy. CSF analysis is crucial, highlighting increased leukocyte counts and commonly implicated pathogens like gram-negative organisms and Streptococcus species.

• Each acute subdural hematoma (SDH) and intraparenchymal (IPH) is a rare presentation of meningiomas and their association as in this case is extremely rare.
• Due to the high risk of rebleeding in similar reported cases, immediate surgical treatment should be done.
• The risk of rebleeding in this case is high (74%), thus quick surgical treatment is recommended.

• Over a decade, 1494 traumatic spinal injury patients (78.2%) were men, with a consistent male-to-female ratio of 3.6:1. The mean age was 37.5 years, and patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI) were significantly younger (P=0.004).
• The odds of SCI increased by 5% over ten years and decreased by 2% with increase in age (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.98 [95% CI, 0·97-0.99], P=0.011).
• Road traffic accidents (36.2%) and falls (29.5%) were the main causes; car occupants had a 12% higher odds of SCI during ten years. Conversely, occupants of pickup trucks, vans, and buses had a 7% decrease in SCI.
• Spinal cord injuries occurred more commonly in the suburbs than city (57.5%, n=122, P=0.020).

• Bolus infusion of a combined solution of 15% mannitol and 3.5% NaCl hypertonic saline at a rate of 3.5±0.2 mL/kg body weight leads to a rapid (20-25 minutes) and prolonged (>120 minutes) decrease in intracranial pressure (ICP) (by 36.5% of baseline) and a significant (by 41.8%) increase in cerebral perfusion pressure.
• Combined use of mannitol 15% + NaCl 3.5% in the treatment of intracranial hypertension (ICH) in patients with isolated craniocerebral 3.5±0.2 mL/kg can be recommended in patients with baseline hypovolemia and hyponatremia.
• Using the combination of mannitol 15% + NaCl 3.5% in patients revealed a decrease in hematocrit due to hemodilution and an optimal increase in central venous pressure to maintain adequate hemodynamics.
• Application of combination Mannitol + 3.5% NaCl at stage 4 showed maximum increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) 90.2±3.8 mm Hg. This shows that leads to significant and persistent improvement of systemic and cerebral blood circulation.
• The ultrasound diagnostic complex used for M-echopulsation of the 3rd cerebral ventricle with the formula for conversion of IСP=P/k developed by us gives the possibility of safe non-invasive monitoring of ICP in patients with traumatic brain injury.

• Traumatic brain injuries (TBI), particularly those leading to traumatic intracranial hematomas (TICH), are a significant public health concern due to their impact on morbidity, mortality, and economic burden.
• Focusing on the management of acute TICH in a neurosurgical environment at the Brazzaville University Hospital, the study addresses a critical data gap and provides valuable insights for the region.
• The study employs a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study design with six-year retrospective data collection, ensuring a robust and comprehensive analysis of TICH cases.
• The study identifies specific surgical indications and techniques for TICH, as well as outcomes, such as favorable recovery in 95.7% of cases and an overall mortality rate of 2.6%, postoperative mortality of 6.4%.

• Epidural hematoma (EDH) and subdural hematoma (SDH) are intracranial emergencies and very lethal if not treated on time.
• Although they are radiologically diagnosed when occur at separate locations, radiological obliteration of SDH due to overlying EDH makes radiological diagnosis difficult, leading to unnecessary extra surgical stress and a hazardous impact on the recovery of the patient.

• Pilocytic astrocytoma in the cerebellar tonsils of an adult is an infrequent occurrence.
• The tumor was completely removed surgically without complications, and its benign nature was histopathology confirmed.
• The patient remained recurrence-free at 1-year follow-up without needing adjuvant therapy, emphasizing the effectiveness of surgical treatment.

• Accurate calculation of blood loss by a combined method (suctioned blood and blood absorbed by blood gauze) helps to reduce postoperative complications.
• Measuring the blood volume of consumed gauze can be very effective in predicting the patient’s hemoglobin (Hb) drop.
• Hb changes had a significant relationship with blood weight obtained from blood gauze, the volume of suctioned blood, and also with the number of blood gauzes.

• Neuroplasticity begins spontaneously at the molecular level of synapses after injury.
• Neurotrophic factors have a crucial effect on axonal sprouting and neuroplasticity.
• The corticospinal tract (CST) is the major pathway in voluntary movements.
• Rehabilitation approaches were developed to maximize sensorimotor function recovery.

• Gut microbiome interacts with central nervous system (CNS), by sending on neurotransmitters and neurohormones.
• Gut microbiome is involved in maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and mediates neuroinflammation.
• Pre-clinical studies, mainly on glioma, reported an increase in tumor growth following gut dysbiosis.
• Clinical studies reported differences in the gut microbiome between brain tumor patients and healthy individuals.