Background and Aim: Endovascular neurosurgery is widely accepted as a useful modality for the management of neurovascular disorders. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the causes of diagnostic and therapeutic neuroendovascular procedures, as well as the prevalence, type, location and management of vascular pathologies observed in Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran City, Iran.
Methods and Materials/ Patients: In this study, we analyzed the causes and outcomes of the neuroendovascular procedures during 18 months from February 2013 to September 2014 in Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
Results: In total, 724 diagnostics and therapeutic neuroendovascular procedures were performed on 561 patients. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 44.83(18.73) years and 598(50.27%) of them were females. The most prevalent cause of these procedures was cryptogenic intracranial hemorrhages (24.58%), followed by ruling out vascular lesions  due to suspicious MRI without neurological defects (14.91%), and suspicious MRI with focal neurologic defects (11.74%). 
Conclusion: Endovascular neurosurgery plays a key role in diagnosis and treatment of the most prevalent neurovascular disorders in our referral center.

The unequal distribution of neurosurgical resources and diseases in the world contributes to inequality. Eight in 10 neurosurgical cases needing essential neurosurgical care are found in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs); however, LMICs lack the neurosurgical resources to address these needs. Besides, where neurosurgical care is available, it is not financially accessible to the majority of patients. Global Neurosurgery is a rapidly growing field that places a priority on improving health outcomes and achieving health equity for all people affected by neurosurgical conditions. To achieve safe, accessible, and affordable neurosurgical care for all, LMIC neurosurgeons should participate in national and international global neurosurgical activities, develop disruptive solutions to local problems and work with local stakeholders to address global neurosurgery problems.

Background and Aim: Neurovascular lesions can cause death or disability. Some of them are operable, but surgical approaches are complicated, and proper access to these lesions is crucial. A few of these surgeries occur during the residency educational program, and residents' experience in operating these lesions may be quite inadequate. Using new technologies like 3D-reconstruction of vascular lesion images may result in better training and improve residents' knowledge and understanding of these operations.
Methods and Materials/Patients: Four senior neurosurgery residents were enrolled in this study. They were taught to use a 3D image rebuilding program (3D Slicer). They were then asked to rebuild a 3D image of every patient lesion, practice different surgical views, and review anatomical structures around the lesion before surgery.
Results: All residents mentioned that their knowledge of surgical approaches improved, and they learned more from each operation. Two of them commented that more self-trust during surgeries led to more effective education. Their ability in surgical planning was enhanced too. Attending physicians of these residents believed that this practice improved the residents' skills and educational quality.
Conclusion: New technologies can promote residency educational programs. It seems that working on 3D images of lesions before surgery can boost residents' educational attributes.

Background and Aim: Nowadays, surgical educations and training experience new problems. Legal issues and patients' rights are a matter of concern in educational hospitals. The high cost of modern technology-based surgical education has also made the training of the residents increasingly difficult. Therefore, it seems that new approaches in the training of surgeons are necessary. One of the strategies for this purpose is the establishment of clinical skill lab programs.
Methods and Materials/Patients: In this study, 4 clinical skill lab workshops were designed to increase the residents' clinical skills in a very low-cost setting. We recruited 13 residents in this study. The workshops were categorized as craniotomy, working with a microscope, tissue resection, and microsurgical dissection. After the workshop, the residents and their attending physicians were evaluated by answering the questions about the workshops.
Results: According to the evaluations, both residents and their attending physicians believed that these workshops were significantly effective in enhancing these skills.
Conclusion: It seems that adding clinical skill lab workshops into the residency curriculum can improve the quality of their training and avoid the stressful environment of an actual operating room and the possible legal problems. Also, residents can learn more in a shorter time and have better self-esteem for training in neurosurgery.

Background and Aim: Brain mapping is the study of the anatomy and function of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Brain mapping has many techniques and these techniques are permanently changing and updating. From the beginning, brain mapping was invasive and for brain mapping, electrical stimulation of the exposed brain was needed. However, nowadays brain mapping does not require electrical stimulation and often does not require any complex involvement of patients. To perform brain mapping, functional and structural neuroimaging has an essential
role. The techniques for brain mapping include noninvasive techniques (structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI], diffusion MRI [dMRI], magnetoencephalography [MEG], electroencephalography [EEG], positron emission tomography [PET], near-infrared spectroscopy [NIRS] and other non-invasive scanning techniques) and invasive techniques (direct cortical stimulation [DCS] and intracarotid amytal test [IAT] or wada test).
Methods and Materials/Patients: This is a narrative study on brain mapping in neurosurgery. To provide up-to-date information on brain mapping in neurosurgery, we precisely reviewed brain mapping and neurosurgery articles. Using the keywords “brain mapping”, “neurosurgery”, “brain mapping techniques”, and “benefits of brain mapping”, all of the related articles were obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline and were precisely studied.
Results: To perform an effective and safe neurosurgical intervention, precise information about the structural and functional anatomy of the brain is obligatory. Based on the information on brain mapping, the selection of suitable patients for the operation, the plan of appropriate operative approach, and good surgical results can be acquired. To provide this information, we can use brain mapping techniques that were formerly applied in neuroscientific brain mapping efforts with noninvasive techniques, such as fMRI, MEG, dMRI, PET, etc and invasive techniques, such as DCS, IAT, etc.
Conclusion: Functional brain mapping is a constantly evolving fact in neurosurgery. All stages in obtaining a functional image are complex and need knowledge of the basic physiologic and imaging features.

Background and Aim: The viral agent in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It was first identified in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China, and the World Health Organization declared it as an outbreak and a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Neurosurgeons are not prime in COVID-19 management but they continue for caring, visiting, and operating neurosurgical patients. In neurosurgical cases that need non-urgent operation, systematic SARS-CoV-2 testing of low-risk patients should be considered. In cases with positive SRAS-COV-2 testing, the procedures should be delayed until they are cured. The high-risk settings in the neurosurgical operation room are endotracheal intubation and extubation, operations in the vicinity of sinuses and/or mastoids, operations with accidental injury to respiratory or digestive tracts, and usage of aerosol-generating instruments on virioncontaminated tissues. The risk of SARS-COV-2 infection is decreased by delaying all nonemergent cases, replacing general anesthesia with other anesthesia methods, replacing neurosurgical approaches with alternative approaches that bypass the respiratory tract, and decreasing the usage of aerosol-generating instruments.
Methods and Materials/Patients: This is a narrative study about COVID-19 infection in neurosurgery. Using the keywords SARS-COV2, neurosurgery, and COVID-19, all the relevant articles (about 52) were retrieved from Google Scholar, Medline, and PubMed and reviewed and
critically analyzed.
Results: Neurosurgeons can change neurosurgical routines in COVID-19 patients such as delaying all nonemergent cases, replacing general anesthesia with other anesthesia methods, replacing neurosurgical approaches with alternative approaches that bypass the respiratory tract, decreasing the usage of aerosol-generating instruments, and doing preoperative SRAS-COV-2 testing.
Conclusion: For decreasing the risk of COVID-19 transmission in neurosurgery, we can change routine neurosurgical protocols. Without the prevention of COVID-19 transmission, all neurosurgeons, personnel, and patients will contract COVID-19.

In the context of academic medical education, mentorship has been known to play an undeniable role in academic and personal development of junior mentees, as well as guiding them through their carrier, research, and education. Here in, we enumerated the qualities and characteristics of a good mentor, through introducing an exemplary mentor in neurosurgery: Professor Abbas Amirjamshidi. He had been an exemplary mentor with professional mentorship characteristics including altruistic and understanding, accessible and punctual, knowledgeable and experienced, able to assist mentees in defining and reaching goals, senior and well-respected in the field, sincerely dedicated to developing an important relationship with the mentee. Professor Amirjamshidi had been a role model as a mentor steering his mentees in changing their professional life by directing them in the right direction. To achieve this coveted goal, Professor Amirjamshidi would invest time and energy to ascertain that his mentees achieve the loftiest goals in their professional career. He has been present both at the national and international forums as an invited speaker, and has served as a member of the editorial boards of reputed journals. Besides, he has innumerable publications to his credit in peer-reviewed journals.

Background and Aim: Evaluating our scientific trend and patterns in the education of neurosurgery can benefit in determining the needs and the future of the research path, therefore we performed a bibliometric analysis in the Web of Science (WoS) dataset.
Methods and Materials/Patients: This was a bibliometric study of literature for studies on neurosurgery education. The WoS database was used for this study. The collected dataset was entered into the R shiny package of bibliometrics and was used for data analysis. Annual scientific production, citations, journals, and affiliation patterns were evaluated. Bradford’s and Lotka’s laws were used to interpret the patterns of contributions. Reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS) was used to find source literature articles.
Results: From 1962 to 2023, 1740 articles from 266 journals were included in this study. The annual growth rate of publishing neurosurgery education studies was 8.16%. “World neurosurgery” and “neurosurgery” journals with 441 articles (25.34%) were in zone 1 based on Bradford’s law, showing inequality in publishers of neurosurgery education studies. Also, Lotka’s law showed author productivity inequality, with most authors (approximately 75.5%) having only contributed a single article, while an Indian researcher has authored 28 articles as well as some other
researchers with more than 20 articles. The USA led the way with 775 articles. Historical origins of research stemmed from studies about the virtual model of the temporal bone, the depiction of neurosurgery in cinematic genres, and a realistic neurosurgical simulator. Seminal neurosurgery education research has focused on anatomy education using imaging methods, informing later developments in simulated learning approaches. Based on the RPYS, seminal neurosurgery education research has focused on anatomy education like using imaging methods, which has contributed to later developments in simulated learning.
Conclusion: Bibliometric analysis of neurosurgery education literature reveals increasing annual production, inequality in publishing, and author productivity, identified with the USA’s leading contributions and diverse research origins.