• Due to the increasing use of pump inhibitors (PPIs) and their side effects on bone repair, they may have the potential to induce failure in lumbar fusion surgery.
• The present findings show that the use of pump inhibitors, such as pantoprazole is more destructive for the ossification process in candidates for spinal fusion.
• So, H2-blocking drugs, such as famotidine are preferable in this situation after further investigations.

● In this retrospective study, the clinical profile and surgical management of 27 intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) operated between 2007 and 2021 were analyzed.
● Motor weakness and pain were the most common symptoms.
● Dorsal spine is the most common location of IMSCTs.
● Ependymoma is the most common histological type.
● Other lesions are glioma, hemangioblastoma, lipoma, schwannoma, lymphoma, capillary hemangioma, arachnoid cyst, and epidermoid cyst with spinal dysraphism. Tumors with a clear interface with the spinal cord underwent gross total resection (GTR). GTR was not attempted in tumors with surrounding spinal cord infiltration

● Endoscopic surgeries were mainly limited to transsphenoidal and intraventricular surgeries. In this study, the role of the endoscope in transcranial extraventricular regions of the brain has been described.
● Transcranial endoscope can reach the deep-seated regions of the brain with a narrow corridor, giving good illumination and magnification at the site of surgery.
● Microscopic inaccessible areas can be visualized using an endoscope. It can be used as a complementary to the microscope.
● Authors have used transcranial extraventricular endoscopic surgeries (TEESs) for performing microvascular decompression, pineal tumor excision, craniopharyngioma excision, cerebellopontine angle epidermoid cyst excision, petrous neurenteric cyst excision, and internal carotid artery aneurysm clipping.
● TEES has shown improved outcomes in neurosurgical procedures.

Background and Aim: Intraventricular empyema (IVE), a rare and life-threatening neurological infection, challenges healthcare providers due to its complexity and limited data on optimal management. This scoping review seeks to bridge the existing literature gap by systematically summarizing current knowledge, identifying consensus, and highlighting research opportunities.
Methods and Materials/Patients: The inclusion criteria included all ages diagnosed with IVE based on the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework. The search strategy involved utilizing keywords and controlled vocabulary terms in databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The study selection process adhered to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with data extraction and mapping performed to summarize key information from the literature, including demographics, symptoms, treatment modalities, and outcomes
Results: Analysis of 12 articles shows that IVE predominantly affects men between the ages of 17 to 81 years, with various symptoms, including headaches, fever, and neurological issues. Infections are found in multiple ventricular sites, often complicated by drug-resistant strains and negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures. While surgical interventions, such as ventriculostomy are common, conservative treatments also show favorable outcomes, emphasizing the need for tailored management and timely interventions in optimizing patient outcomes for central nervous system (CNS) infections.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the diagnosis and management of intraventricular infections necessitate a multidisciplinary approach involving clinical evaluation, imaging, and therapeutic interventions. Imaging features like ventricular debris on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aid diagnosis, supplemented by other modalities, such as nuclear scintigraphy. CSF analysis is crucial, highlighting increased leukocyte counts and commonly implicated pathogens like gram-negative organisms and Streptococcus species.

Background & Aim: Several studies have been carried out on traumatic spine and spinal cord injuries (SCI) in Iran. A paucity of them is focused on epidemiological trends. A Ten-Year single-center retrospective analysis was conducted to demonstrate epidemiological trends of traumatic spinal injuries.
Methods and Materials/Patients: The study was performed on 1494 spine-injured patients who were admitted to the main referral spine trauma center in southeast of Iran between 2013 to 2022. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine patient’s demographics, level of injury, leading causes, locations, and management.
Results: Over 10 years, the male-to-female ratio remained consistent at 3·6:1. The mean ± standard devieation of age of patients was 37·5 ± 15·7 years old. The prevalence of SCI was 23·2% and The odds of SCI increased by 5% over ten years and decreased by 2% with increasing age. The cervical injury (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2·84), thoracic injury (aOR = 1·41), and age (aOR = 0·98) were significantly associated with SCI. Car accident was the most common (36·2%) leading cause of spine injury and had 12% higher odds of SCI over ten years. While, occupants of pickup trucks, vans and buses had a 7% decrease in SCI.
Conclusion: This study highlighted that the SCI risk has grown and car occupants had a higher risk of SCI over ten years. So,  preventive strategies to decrease traumatic spine and spinal cord injuries should be considered.